International relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International relations - Essay Example After all, since the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945, the world has seen plenty of wars that the world body failed to avert. At the same time, however, students of the UN are inclined to give it the credit for the decreasing intensity of the wars. Although realists see the laws of power politics as relatively timeless and unchanging, liberal theorists generally see the rules of IR as slowly, incrementally evolving through time and potentially becoming more and more peaceful. (Joshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse. â€Å"International Relations, 8/e†. 2008) This evolution results primarily from gradual buildup of international organization and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from changes in norms and public opinion (identity)†¦ â€Å"We are not doomed to a world of recurring war but can achieve a more peaceful world,† says Goldstein and Pevehouse. For example, in recent years a strong trend toward fewer warts has become evident (Human Security Centre. Human Security Report 2005: â€Å"War and Peace in the 21st Century; 2006). For instance, to many Americans the world seems more war-prone and violent than ever because the United States is at war on a scale not seen since Vietnam. Yet, for the world as a whole, the current period is one of the least warlike ever, with fewer and smaller wars than in the past. â€Å"In the first half of the 20th century, world wars â€Å"killed tens of millions and left whole contents in ruin; in the second half, during the Cold War, proxy wars killed millions, and the world feared a nuclear war that could have wiped out our species. Now, in the 21st century, wars like those in Iraq and Sudan kill hundreds of thousands.† (Goldstein and Pevehouse) The late 1990s and the early 21st century saw termination of vestigial remnants of Cold War era, such as in Angola, Northern Ireland, Guatemala, and southern Sudan, following South Africa and Mozambique earlier in the 1990s. Most wars that erupted after the end of

Constitutional significance of Article 1, section 8 of the United Research Paper

Constitutional significance of Article 1, section 8 of the United States Constitution - Research Paper Example In a detailed manner, article 1 section 8 of the US Constitution specifies the powers of the Congress. The section lists the powers of the Congress in addition to bestowing the Congress with the power to make rules that are deemed â€Å"necessary and proper† and to oversee their implementation. In the section, the law making powers are stipulated in the states. Among the core powers that are enumerated in article one section eight is the power to set taxes, tariffs and other ways of generating federal revenue. The section also gives the Congress the power to authorize the expenditure of all the federal funds (Law & Versteeg, P. 87). Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution gives the Congress the power to create postal services, Navy, Army, lower federal courts, the power to coin money and the power to declare war. The Congress is also bestowed with the power of determination of naturalization criteria on how immigrants could become citizens of the United States. This power is thus beyond interference by any individual states. The duties of regulating international commerce, provision for the punishment of counterfeiting and the promotion and progress of science and are equally significant duties and powers the Constitution grants to the Congress (Law & Versteeg, P. 88). According to the National constitution center, article 1 section 8 of the United States’ constitution has an immense constitutional significance. The article and section purposes to ensure that the federal government through the Congress maintains its validity in the country. By giving the Congress the core powers of determination of revenues for the country and mechanism of spending the funds, the constitution attempts to maintain the significance of unity within the states of the US. Through giving the Congress the power to constitute armies and Navy, the